The theory suggested that, in shallow lakes, a threshold can occur when systems suddenly flip between states.
Surface winds are an important complicating factor, especially in the shallow sill, or threshold, between the two basins.
Fig. 5 Variation of the correlation coefficient between the annual gravity amplitude and the background seismicity rate with changing the depth threshold for shallow earthquakes.
We found that grazing by shallow water bivalves was important in determining phytoplankton bloom occurrence throughout the system and that above a shallow water bivalve grazing threshold, phytoplankton biomass did not exceed bloom levels.
Caine (1980) suggested a general threshold for shallow landslide failure on undisturbed slopes in terms of rainfall intensity and duration and, in terms of hourly rainfall intensities, equates to 25 mm hr−1.
Rainfall is the major threshold for triggering shallow landslides.
In this paper, the intensity and the cumulative rainfall are chosen as factors for the threshold value of shallow landsliding.
From the above, it is very important to evaluate the threshold rainfall for shallow landslide occurrences on Izu Oshima Island.
The relationship of the T factor and the R factor gives a primary threshold value for shallow soil slides.
However, values of sensitivity and specificity and negative predictive values for the suggested threshold of rapid shallow breathing index <105 were highly variable in different studies [4 6].
In order to confine the analysis of sediment balance only to shallow landslides (defined as landslides with maximum soil thickness equal to 2 m), the relationship found by Kaldaron-Asael et al. (2008) was used to estimate the threshold of maximum shallow landslide area.
