The interpretation that low-density sediments fill the caldera is also supported by the short-wavelength component of the Bouguer anomaly, which reflects the shallow density structure (Komazawa 1995).
The shelf edge gravity high is part of an edge effect gravity anomaly resulting from superposition of the shallow density contrast of water versus sediment/crust and the deeper contrast of mantle versus crust across the margin.
The selected study area (13.4 km2), located in the region of Oltrepò Pavese in Northern Italy, is characterized by a high shallow landslides density and is constituted by vineyards in steep slopes.
However, since the wavelengths and amplitudes of the Bouguer gravity anomalies were very short and small, we believe that the gravity low is an anomaly caused by the very shallow low-density soft clay layer (1- to 5-m depth or deeper than 13 m) observed by Onishi et al. (2009).
While the total mass of each terrain type is conserved by the equivalent rock height approach, the geometry of the masses is changed, most prominently over the oceans (shallower with a density of 1030 kg/m3 for ocean water) and ice-covered areas (lower elevation with a density of 927 kg/m3 for ice), while the global topography remains unchanged.
This could have been caused by a short-wavelength Bouguer anomaly derived from shallow, fine-scale density structures, smaller than the grid size of the inversion model; however, shallow, ultra-fine-scale features are not the focus of this study.
The well logs used for this analysis comprise gamma ray (GR), deep laterolog (LLD), shallow laterolog (LLS), density log (RHOB) and transit time log (DT).
The burned plot was characterized by a more open canopy, lower understory density and shallower litter depth.
In the case of composites with high density of shallow trapping states, enhanced photocatalytic activity was observed.
The log data include the conventional tools, such as the resistivity logs shallow and deep, neutron, density, sonic and gamma ray.
