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We recommend target areas for subsequent exploration including shallow temperature measurements, detailed geologic mapping, and structural analyses.
The experimental monitoring system for surface ground temperature and shallow temperature beside and below an underground cellar is described.
A new geothermometer (TCO2 Flux) is proposed based on soil diffuse CO2 flux and shallow temperature measurements made on areas of steam heated, thermally altered ground above active geothermal systems.
The convective pattern around a horizontal cylinder features distinctly shallow temperature gradients, i.e., low heat flux, at the cylinder top due to thermal plume formation, which promotes ignition compared to the vertical cylinder.
Temperature is often used as a proxy for evaluating the extent to which a hydrothermal fluid mixed with overlying seawater, and the shallow temperature gradients at Spiegelei, Rocky Point and Twinkie imply focused fluid flow at the center of the hydrothermal features (Figure 10).
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In areas where the heat is conducted directly to the surface, as within the Tauern Body, lower shallow temperatures evolve than in the surrounding areas.
According to Kukkonen ([1989]), Popov et al. ([1999]), Slagstad et al. ([2009]), Kukkonen et al. ([2010]) and others, the significant changes in the shallow temperatures can be related to palaeoclimatic effects and/or advective cooling due to groundwater flow.
This effect is known as chimney effect (Fig. 7b) and can be observed as downward-bent isotherms inside the shallow Tauern Body and as lower shallow temperatures in the area of the Tauern Body compared to the surrounding area in the temperature maps (Fig. 8e, f).
The thermal gradient defined by in situ temperature data is obviously higher than that derived from shallower temperature data by using APCT-3.
For the Molasse Basin and the adjacent Alpine orogen, this results in shallow hotter temperature where thick sedimentary rocks cover the crystalline crust (Alpine Body and Molasse Basin) and colder shallower temperatures where the crystalline crust is exposed (Tauern Body).
In areas where the shallow subsoil temperature is higher than normal (geothermal basins), the average temperature of the carrier water in the BHE is higher than in systems located in areas with a normal geothermal gradient, thus improving heat pump Coefficient Of Performance (COP).
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