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A shallow rupture moves more slowly: 1½km a second is common.
Even in the case of this earthquake, a shallow rupture propagation was assumed (Koketsu et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2010; Zhao et al., 2010).
The relatively condensed, shallow rupture spawned a large tsunami that devastated the coastline of eastern Honshu (Y. Okada, Preliminary report of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake, http://bit.ly/lVKMwA).
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Hsu et al. (2012) proposed that the southernmost Ryukyu subduction zone needs to consider the potential M w 7.5 8.7 tsunami earthquakes generated by shallow ruptures.
Large slips near the trench appear to have been related to the deep-to-shallow rupture propagation component found by Kanamori (1970), implying the interrelation of along-dip segments.
The shallow part ruptured through the overall rupture duration time, forming a large rupture asperity with a maximum slip of about 65 m.
These events have involved shallow, low rupture velocity fault sliding that radiates relatively low short-period seismic wave energy.
First, we describe the structure of the megasplay fault and active plate-boundary thrust in the Nankai subduction zone and show how shallow earthquake ruptures were recorded in fault gouges.
It is also clear that the sampling of the shallowest megathrust region is very limited for events in the selected range of Mw = 5 to 6.5; this may be due to the presence of quasi-static slip at shallow depths with rupture of conditionally stable regions only occurring in large tsunami earthquakes that initiate at greater depth and rupture into the shallow portion of the fault.
These results are also consistent with the tectonic activity in the ETP, exhibiting the seismic features of zones B and C, such as shallow and fast rupture propagation.
The features of this event, such as the shallow and fast rupture propagation may represent a seismic feature of the tectonic activity in the eastern Tibetan plateau.
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