The genus Pinus, consists of ca. 110 species distributed primarily throughout the northern hemisphere, and contains evolutionary patterns ranging from deep divergence events to apparent rapid and relatively shallow radiations.
We also derive quantitative constraints on the ratio of shallow versus deep radiation from teleseismic back-projection source imaging.
It will carry instruments to detect the planet's surface composition, any water or shallow buried ice, and radiation.
However, the degradation efficacy of natural solar radiation in shallow fresh waters is less understood.
Gaps created by partial harvesting measurably increased canopy openness, ground-level solar radiation, and shallow soil temperatures proportional to gap sizes, but the changes were small and only consistently higher than the range of these conditions in un-harvested riparian areas when gaps were >50 m2.
Within the Janiroidea, there is evidence supporting the radiation of shallow-water isopods into deeper habitats through isothermal water columns [ 7], reinvasions of shallow habitats by deep-sea taxa [ 7, 8], and multiple independent colonizations of the deep-sea [ 9]--thus, deep-sea taxa within this group probably represent ancient evolutionary lineages that split off early from other taxa [ 10].
Although the effect of the radiation pattern for shallow subsources alone cannot explain the large shallow anomaly in Fig. 7b, it can explain it if combined with the effect of greater seismic potency at shallow depth.
This represents a conservative approach to dating because we have calibrated the deeper Embioptera/Phasmatodea split, rather than shallower crown group radiations.
The Ordovician radiation began in shallow marine environments and proceeded into deeper water.
The effect of plate thickness as well as the ability of the numerical simulations to predict wave radiation damping at shallow plate submergence were also considered.
