arguta reflect a relatively ancient north south vicariant event during glacials (sundering populations in central Honshu), followed by more recent climate-induced cycles of range contraction and expansion/admixture, with the latter producing more shallow patterns of divergence in more southerly areas (Kyushu, Shikoku, Kii).
Despite the high potential for gene flow in this species and the shallow patterns of genetic structure above described, the dispersal routes of the species have been constrained by the spatial configuration of remnant semi-natural habitat patches within a matrix of land extensively devoted to agriculture.
Whilst en route to Londonderry, Assiniboine dropped a shallow pattern of depth charges on a submarine contact and badly damaged her stern on 2 March 1943.
The latter species (R. cystops) exhibits a shallow pattern of isolation by distance (separating the Middle East and the African populations) that contrasts with the pattern of geographic variation in the morphometrical traits.
In rocky and/or shallow soils, patterns of invasion may be affected by a number of stressful conditions, including reduced access to water and nutrients, extremes in soil temperatures and mechanical resistance to soil disturbance (Houle and Phillips 1989).
But in her surveys, Ms. Sauer found that trees inevitably started growing on top of landfills anyway, and that roots typically spread out in a wide but fairly shallow pattern.
The phylogenetic hypothesis of a deep to shallow-water pattern of diversification is further supported by the fossil record, which indicates that stylasterid corals first appeared in a deep-water setting in the lower Paleocene, 65 mya (Table S2) [15], [17], [17].
Within the Stylasteridae, the evolutionary processes that have led to the deep to shallow-water pattern of evolution remain elusive, but our results indicate that sculptured defensive innovations in stylasterid corals, such as lids and opercula that protect feeding polyps, evolved in the deep sea (Figure 2).
These data support a hypothesis that, contrary to previously observed diurnal patterns of shallower at night than day, more complex vertical movement patterns may exist in at least this, and perhaps all other Nautilus populations.
Paudel et al. (2007) evaluated the spatio-temporal patterns of historical shallow landslides in Aso caldera, based on statistical analysis of shallow landslides that occurred between 1953 and 1998.
For several other initial conditions (denoted by the white circles in Fig. 1) located in regions with shallow restitution slopes, we found patterns of excitation that were different from the patterns described above.
