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Once a shallow failure is initiated, it progressively propagates down to the toe.
Surface runoff, interflow and fine particle migration effects are presented to interpret the process of shallow failure.
The analyses of the slope in 1991 showed that the slope experienced shallow failure due to the high groundwater table.
Due to mathematical constraints on the resulting rigid 3D failure geometry, the critical surface of a deep and narrow trench emerges above the toe, termed the shallow failure.
Starting from a distinction between shallow and deep modes of failure, the paper presents the most common failure mechanisms for shallow failure in tension, including procedures for calculation of foundation tensile capacity under vertical and inclined loading.
The depth, and consequently volume, of the shallow failure is calculated at the end of the rainfall duration.
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These landslides mainly comprised shallow failures in regolith and highly weathered bedrock involving avalanches, slides, and flows.
Hillslope debris flows are unconfined flows that originate by shallow failures in unconsolidated material at steep slopes.
Consequently, for shallow failures, an alternative approach is introduced to assess the safety of such progressive failures, which ultimately will emerge through the toe.
These two parameters combined play an important role in shallow failures of slopes and significantly affect stability of a slope regardless of a soil type composing the slope.
Vegetation such as grasses and shrubs can improve slope stability, reducing the risk of shallow failures once roots have permeated soil to enhance cohesion.
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