Is there a difference in learners' attitude/motivation towards continuing shadowing, depending on their shadowing performance skills? 3.
This indicates the causal relationship between the amount of time and the shadowing proficiency of these participants: that they maintain high shadowing performance because they spend time.
The equation, that improvement in shadowing performance equals improvement in pronunciation, means improvement in bottom-up processing to aim at higher level of the language processing ladder.
This study addresses research questions regarding: (1) perceived effectiveness of shadowing; (2) differences in perception depending on the shadowing performance skills; (3) factors that encourage continuing of shadowing; and (4) perceived positive and negative aspects of shadowing.
The result, accordingly, implies that difficulty level of shadowing materials and audio speed need to match the participants' level so that they can maintain high accuracy in their shadowing performance.
Because of the high shadowing performance in this group, it is natural that participants perceive shadowing as effective in listening skills (Lt1), and are interested in the content of the script (IM3).
The shadowing-as-homework practice in the present study also contributes in alleviating the aforementioned, Horowitz's test anxiety, because students can re-take their recordings until they become satisfied with their shadowing performance.
It is also expected, on the other hand, that Ought-to L2 Self may invite negative effects for those who are not proficient in shadowing performance, because they may emphasize the distance between the present and the ideal self.
So-called perfectionist participants may have seen their shadowing performance more from a fear of failure than from a feeling of success, because 95% accuracy is still a 5% deduction from their ideal result (Gregersen and Horwitz 2002).
Students were instructed to repeat the week's shadowing material at least six times before recording their shadowing performance, in order to reach their maximum reproduction rate; according to Shiki et al.'s (2010) study result of ceiling effect in shadowing practice of 4 to 5 trials (p. 90).
