Sentence examples for shadow costs from inspiring English sources

In other words, when we get a raise, instead of using that hard-won money to buy "the good life," we feel even more pressure to work since the shadow costs of not working are all the greater.

Our results highlight impact of shadow costs on keyword auction designs and hold implications for search engines, advertisers, and internet users.

We study the basic properties of the optimal solution and prove that link shadow costs provide the basis for selecting optimal prices and determining optimal routing policies.

We capture the effect of negative user experiences on search engine's future revenue in a new variable called "shadow costs" and examine the optimal keyword auction mechanisms (KAMs) in a general model that takes into account advertiser-specific and position-specific shadow costs.

As promised of the living water, our shadow costs nothing and is immediately---and embarrassingly -- ever present.

Coles et al. introduced the idea of the shadow cost of absenteeism: the relatively high wage paid by firms requiring a low level of absenteeism, to compensate workers for attending work reliably [17].

As above, we place bounds on each shadow cost, except that the upper bound λ ¯ k is now given by λ ¯ k = d U k ( S k, t − 1 + R k, t / T ) / d ( R k, t / T ) | ( R k, t / T = Δ R k ′ ) where Δ R k ′ = arg max R k, t [ U k ( S k, t − 1 + R k, t / T ) − U k ( S k, t − 1 ) ] / ( R k, t / T ).

In terms of programme costs included, all but six studies [ 12, 13, 17, 22, 25, 26] clearly included the value of the CHWs' time spent (either compensated or, for volunteers, opportunity cost or shadow price) and recurrent expenses such as materials, supplies, transport and supervision, although the individual unit quantities and costs were rarely reported.

The second ones are translated into their opportunity cost by subtracting taxes (e.g. fuel prices) and by looking at the direct effect only (e.g. shadow price of labour cost).

Shadow price and reduced cost analysis were used to characterize the optimal solution and infer the effect of cellular resources and metabolic reactions.

Linear Programming (LP) problems have two parameters, shadow price and reduced cost, which can be used to characterize the optimal solution.