This study proposes the use of area-averaged sky view factor (SVFa), instead of the traditional single-point sky view factor from fisheye photographs (SVFsp), as the indicator for measuring the shading level at various areas in parks.
Therefore, we employed a shading level equivalent to a 67% reduction of full natural light (as measured by a, Luxmeter, model ZDS-10, China) created by one layer of black netting.
Based on previous studies, we found that a very strong shading level, corresponding to a 90% reduction in full natural light (as measured by a Luxmeter, model ZDS-10, China) resulted in a substantial increase in pest and diseases damage.
Four shading levels (3, 20, 40, and 70% of incident photosynthetically active radiation; PAR) were applied in each period using shade cloths that surrounded one-half of large individual trees.
Each main plot contained three shading levels (0%, 50% and 75%), whereas five exogenous IBA concentrations (0, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10,000 mg/l) were tested at the subplot level.
The objective of this study is to establish a relationship between the thermal environment and number of people visiting an outdoor space, and to explore the utilization of outdoor space during different seasons with various shading levels.
Nine tolerant genotypes (MMC 87 D-KP-2, MLG 369, MLG 310, MLG 424, MLG 336, MLG 428, MLG 237, MLG 429, and VC2768B) and three sensitive genotypes to shading (Nuri, MLG 460, and MLG 330) were tested in two shading levels, that were without shading and shading of 52%.
To determine the effects of thermal comfort and adaptation on attendance regarding different shading levels and activity types, this study conducted field investigations at a public park located in southern Taiwan, using micrometeorological measurements, estimations of park attendance, and questionnaire surveys on thermal comfort.
A split-plot randomized design was used to establish nine treatments with three shading levels and three provenances.
Ren et al. (2003) indicated that the distribution and transformation of plant dry matter is affected by shading, and some shading levels decreased rice yield.
Shading levels were achieved by using a green garden shading net transmitting 10 and 65%% of incident radiation, without any significant change in light spectrum, for deep and moderate shade, respectively.
