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Within an inflorescence, sexual allocation of early produced basal flowers is often female-biased while later produced distal flowers are male-biased.
Although the development of transgenic and knockout/knockdown techniques is needed for examining gene function effectively, the emergence of this new hermaphroditic B. okinawaensis will be useful for future studies about evolution of sexual allocation and determination systems, feeding behavior, and parasitism.
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Moreover, H. punctata is an ideal species for studying mating system and sexual resource allocation because it exhibits high spore production and cloning habit.
With the onset of sexual maturity, resource allocation shifts from gaining size to reproduction, which in turn is reflected by the closer spacing of growth marks [ 40, 42].
We were interested to know whether evidence of dimorphism is present under such conditions in addition to knowing if there is evidence of sexual dimorphism for resource allocation to growth in sexually immature trees.
Thus, diploid males are more valuable to fathers but less valuable to mothers and their occurrence might fuel sexual conflict over the allocation of parental resources.
In conclusion, sex allocation and sexual conflict both contribute to decreased female fecundity in pond snails.
It is apparent that when living at high and stable population density, many insular vertebrates show a number of correlated trait shifts including, at least, decreased sexual dimorphism, decreased energy allocation to reproduction, and decreased aggressiveness toward conspecifics.
The dietary effect on MeHg bioaccumulation can be best investigated during the early ontogeny of carp, as prior to sexual maturity the potential allocation of contaminants to reproductive tissue is negligible (Muus and Dahlström, 1998).
In this paper we document and interpret a new case of female sterility in an otherwise hermaphroditic plant, in which trade-offs in resource allocation between sexual and asexual reproduction appear to be important.
In calopterygid damselflies, phenoloxidase is a limiting resource in terms of the life-history allocation between sexual signalling (dark wing patches in males) and innate immune defence against parasitic infections [ 50].
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