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Given that it is not present in stormwater, carbamazepine was found to be a useful stable tracer of sewage contributions to total contaminant loads and also provided an indication of the fraction of total suspended solids originating from sewer deposits because of its similar response to increasing flowrates.
Today most raw sewage contributions to the Great Lakes are inadvertent, and they most often come from overflowing sewer systems during storms.
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The sewage contribution is calculated as the point-source DIN input to rivers (DIN sew in Eq(1)) multiplied by the river export term (FE riv ) (Yan et al., 2010).
However, for the first time in China, our study highlights the dominant contribution of sewage (treated or not) and the negligible contribution of agricultural activities not only for P but also for N loads in this river system.
The contributions of sewage inputs and each diffuse source to DIN yields at WZS are estimated by isolating the respective terms in Eq(1).
Sewage N inputs contributes an average of 5.2%% of DIN yields over the period 1995-2005, while the contribution increases remarkably to 69.7 % in 2010.
The contribution of sewage discharge to DIN yield for the Ganjiang River Watershed will continue to increase based on the Global NEWS-DIN model.
In western countries, sewage sludge provides much contribution to biogas production as a co-digestion feedstock [17, 18].Crop residues contain a high carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio enabling high biogas yields.
In developing countries, the contribution of sewage and wastewater as point sources, as well as animal raising without adequate outlet control, represent extra loads for aquatic systems, the majority of these without treatment, used subsequently for irrigation, and not taken into account as potential risks.
Thus, it is necessary to clarify the contribution to sewage treatment efficiency of each different reactor in an A/O system.
Reducing deficiencies in physical properties, organic matter, and nutrients with a contribution of treated sewage sludge is proposed.
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