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It can therefore be expected that the resource situation for grazers is a crucial determinant of the severity of predation effects.
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Ptarmigan appeared to alter their foraging habitat in the winter to move away from areas with high levels of gyrfalcon predation, suggesting the presence of predation effects that could result in a trophic cascade.
Functional response refers to the predation rate per predator with a response to changes in the prey density, i.e., predation effects of predators on the prey.
The vegetation cover was sufficient to reduce significantly the predation effects of flounder on seagrass infauna.
There are, however, few experimental tests on the effects of habitat management on bird predation effects.
The severity of the effects would depend on oil prices.
"There is a total lack of understanding of what the severity of the effects are.
When expressing predation effects as percentage of cladocerans removed compared to fish free enclosures, the predation effect increased with fish density.
The frequency of wolf presence events might also influence the potential consequences of predation risk effects on cattle.
This allowed us to distinguish between direct nutrient and predation effects at each fish density, as indirect effects of nutrients on fish biomass and predation rates were reduced considerably.
Predation effects on arthropod abundance differed significantly by a factor of about two due to management (Table 1, p = 0.022).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com