However in several pathological conditions, skeletal muscle severely decreases this adaptive capacity, triggering alterations in its metabolic properties evolving to disease.
Severely morbid mice were euthanized.
Symptoms only appear when levels of frataxin are severely decreased, and non-pathological levels of frataxin deficiency are associated with alterations in gene expression profiles (Haugen et al., 2010; Huang et al., 2009).
Gross pathological examination revealed severely inflated and enlarged lungs with multifocal areas of congestion and hemorrhage (Figure 1B).
As previously described [ 32], we defined CNS lupus as the presence of at least two of the following seven items occurring in association with clinical evidence of disease progression: recent onset psychosis, transverse myelitis, aseptic meningitis, seizures, pathological brain MRI, severely abnormal neuropsychiatric test [ 33] or oligoclonal IgG bands in the CSF.
As previously described [ 28], we defined CNS lupus as the presence of at least two of the following seven items in association with clinical evidence of disease progression: recent onset psychosis, transverse myelitis, aseptic meningitis, seizures, pathological brain MRI, severely abnormal neuropsychiatric test findings [ 29] and oligoclonal IgG bands in CSF.
Patients with pathological fractures, open fractures, severely comminuted fractures (AO type 32 C3), ipsilateral femoral fractures of proximal and distal segments (i.e., AO type 31 and 33) and ipsilateral tibial fractures were excluded from the study.
In 19 out of 22 challenged pigs the determined disease grades (not affected, slightly affected, moderately affected, severely affected) from CT and gross pathological examination were in accordance.
In summary we show a large pathological spectrum ranging from severely damaged sarcomeres with scattered nemaline bodies to globally preserved muscle with clusters of well separated rods occupying the majority of myofibres.
