For global non-hydrostatic models in particular, the numerical instability of the terrain-following coordinates becomes more severe because the steep topography over the Andes or the Antarctica is within the simulation domain.
More researchers have followed Fujita's footprints pursuing the relationship between topography and severe weather events (e.g. LaPenta et al. 2005; Bosart et al. 2006; Frame and Markowski 2006; Markowski and Dotzek 2011; Gaffin 2012; Karstens et al. 2013; Lyza and Knupp 2013).
The topography is severe, consisting of a number of steep ridges which reach up to 1500 m in elevation dissected by rivers and mountain streams.
Over decades, a variety of environmental and anthropogenic factors have been proposed for bald origin and maintenance, including contemporary climate, topography, soils, severe weather, fire, clearing by Native Americans or early European settlers, and post-glacial warming; none have borne up to scientific scrutiny (White & Sutter, 1999).
And given the severe weather and the mountainous topography, she said, she "should have anticipated the power outages".
In Vermont, the rain from Irene was less severe but the steep-sloped topography produced destructive flash floods.
It is discussed which rainfall characteristics give most flooding and why some rainfall events do not lead to severe flooding, how city scale topography and sewerage system type influence spatial distribution of flood claims, and which impact high sea level has on flooding in Malmö.
The reasons are severe soil erosion resulting from flood-prone topography, intense rainfall with short duration and poor quality land management practices (see Fig. 7).
Deforestation can inhibit the spread of red pandas and exacerbate the natural population subdivision by topography and ecology, leading to severe fragmentation of the remaining wild population.
It's a truly scary place, but for the pedestrian reasons that its topography is treacherous, its storms are severe, and it's packed with vehicles servicing some of the busiest ports in America.
