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Previous research in less severe populations of out-patients and community samples has shown that early-onset conduct problems constitute a risk for a wide range of later adverse outcomes, which include mental health problems [ 58] and unemployment [ 59- 61].
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However, it was developed in a severe population of ICU patients.
The authors comment that the sample was drawn from a "severe population of treatment seeking alcoholics" (p 218).
Our study focused on a more severe population of patients, suffering from severe sepsis and septic shock, with higher mortality and morbidity rates than less severely ill ICU populations [ 42].
We assume that the decline was mainly driven by weather conditions (there were severe droughts in spring and autumn 2011, which might have caused the severe population decline of R1 by 87%% until 2012) or ongoing accumulation of grass debris at the sites due to abandonment.
Also, nonadditive genetic variance may be converted into additive genetic variance during processes of severe population reduction, thus increasing additive genetic variance instead of decreasing it (e.g. Bryant et al. 1986; Fernández et al. 1995).
These observations suggest that the remnant populations we sampled have not had sufficient time to show the effects of severe population reduction (inbreeding and genetic drift), perhaps due to the long lifespan (300+ years) of post oak.
The one-sample LD method generally outperformed the two-sample temporal method by allowing earlier detection of less severe population declines (N2 > 100) when using sample sizes of loci and individuals typical of studies today.
Using a 1536-SNP array Whitfield et al. [34] reported average LD of r2>0.4 at a scale of ≤5 kb in European honeybees Apis m. mellifera, which have a recent history of severe population bottlenecks, but r2≈0.1 for wild African honeybees A. m. scutellata.
The fact that most of the clades detected in this study could maintain (in part) a panmictic population is interesting, because it is known (e.g. for insects) that dispersal and subsequent allopatric speciation can occur in very short times, even in the absence of severe population bottlenecks [ 31, 32].
The Black Death (1349 1350 in Norway) is often cited as the cause of a severe population decline and building hiatus in the middle of the 14th century.
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