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Because, floating type or submerged type NPPs can be easily affected by severe ocean environments such as tsunamis and storms, additional safety features have to be added to the existing land based plant.
On the basis of traditional AUG, the hybrid underwater glider [8, 9, 10, 11, 12] (HUG) is developed with the combination of AUG's gliding motion and AUV's propulsion motion, and thus has more advantages in maneuverability and adaptation under severe ocean conditions.
They are found most often in areas with protection from the most severe ocean winds, such as rocky coastlines, thick kelp forests, and barrier reefs.
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Under severe meteorological conditions, ocean waves can be dangerous for human marine activities, such as navigation, on- and off-shore management, etc.
Internal solitons can bring about strong force on the oil drilling platform and pipeline at sea, which causes severe threat to the ocean engineering.
Most of these effects occur on solid ground, but, since most earthquake foci are actually located under the ocean bottom, severe effects are often observed along the margins of oceans.
During its propagation process, the induced disturbance can bring about strong convergence of sea water and sudden strong current (wave-induced-current), which can cause severe threat to the ocean engineering structures, such as oil drilling platform and pipeline.
Perhaps more severe, is the threat ocean acidification poses to cold-water coral reef ecosystems [14].
Coral mortality through climate induced bleaching was particularly severe in the Indian Ocean in 1998, with ∼45% of coral cover lost across the region [28], although the effects were spatially variable [7], [9].
At the Monterey Bay Aquarium, we learned how an ever-increasing demand for seafood is putting our oceans under severe pressure and how we can help by choosing fish and seafood that has been caught sustainably (download a Seafood watch guide at or an app for your iPhone or iPod).
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides lead to severe environmental impacts in oceans worldwide followed by huge economic losses.
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