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The northwestern fringe of the mainland is particularly barren, the rocks of the Lewisian Complex having been worn down by severe glaciation to produce a hummocky landscape, dotted by small lochs and rocks protruding from thin, acidic soil.
Geologists therefore hypothesize that the world at that time was affected by a very severe glaciation, perhaps the most severe in geologic history (see Snowball Earth).
The growth of the tusks slowed when it became harder to forage, for example during disease, when a male was banished from the herd, and during periods of severe glaciation.
Both effects tended to decrease the rate of organic carbon burial, whence the CO2 rose to a level which prevented a fourth severe glaciation after the Gaskiers from taking place during the Cambrian.
Thus, in the light of these numbers it seems plausible and likely that a diverse Metazoan fauna with high ecological significance was already in place when a fourth severe glaciation was scheduled to hit due to evolving continental positions.
Temperate-zone Australia experienced less severe glaciation, suggesting that patterns of genetic structure among species may reflect older (aridity-driven) divergence events rather than Plio-Pleistocene (thermally-mediated) divergences.
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Several severe glaciations occurred during the Neoproterozoic eon, and especially near its end in the Cryogenian period (630 850 Ma).
We have brought up arguments to support the view that the generally cool climate during the Neoproterozoic which enabled the Sturtian, Marinoan and Gaskiers severe glaciations was due to reduced CO2 concentration caused by an enhanced organic carbon burial rate.
The Late Palaeozoic Ice Age (LPIA), spanning approximately from ~320 Ma (Serpukhovian, late Mississippian) to 290 Ma (mid-Sakmarian, Early Permian), represents the vegetated Earth's largest and most long-lasting regime of severe and multiple glaciations, involving processes and patterns probably comparable to those of the Last Ice Age.
The Sangamon Interglacial follows the Illinoian Glacial Stage and precedes the Wisconsin Glacial Stage, both periods of widespread continental glaciation and severe climatic conditions, as opposed to the moderate conditions of the Sangamon.
In northern latitudes, where the effects of glaciations were more severe, fewer and smaller patches of suitable habitat were left for the survival of populations across multiple glaciation cycles, which would have resulted in overall lower diversity, and a lower number of differentiated lineages in northern than in southern areas.
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