Under the "out of Gondwanaland" requirement for the current vicariance hypothesis, the subgenus Ctenodaphnia would have had to breach a more severe oceanic dispersal barrier than contributed to initial speciation, and colonize the most distant continent from Gondwanaland.
The local extinction observed at one site indicate that, under severe perturbation restricted dispersal limits opportunities for, and the rate of, population recovery.
Wild rices typically display long awns and severe shattering for seed dispersal, whereas the domesticated type have short awns if any and reduced shattering to maximize the number of seeds that can be harvested.
Taken together, these data suggest a mechanism by which GAS disease may transition from mild to severe through the Srv mediated dispersal of GAS biofilms.
Conversely, as the host (respectively, the pathogen) dispersal ability increases severe boom and bust dynamics dominate due to a high level of synchrony among local populations, resulting in maladaptation of the pathogen (respectively, the host) population (Gandon 2002; Thrall and Burdon 2002; Papaïx et al. 2014b).
Roles for mammalian Syx5 in both anterograde and retrograde vesicular transport have been well characterized and severe Syx5 reduction causes fragmentation and dispersal of the Golgi [21], [30].
Though isolated stands of adult D. cylindrus persist, there appears to be a severe population bottleneck during reproduction or dispersal.
Dispersal of several types of seeds.
Population declines and habitat fragmentation are often so severe that natural recolonization of habitats via dispersal ('straying') is difficult (O'Reilly and Doyle 2007).
The first concerns populations of threatened species that have suffered severe reductions in genetic diversity and where dispersal processes have been disrupted by habitat fragmentation.
