These materials were characterized by several techniques (e.g., DRIFT, XRD, N2 adsorption desorption isotherms, TEM, SEM).
Several techniques (e.g. spray drying, solvent evaporation, microwave irradiation) have been utilized for the encapsulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into inorganic porous matrices.
as well as their corresponding energy-efficient mechanisms (e.g. Intel SpeedStep, AMD Cool'n'Quiet), several techniques (e.g. Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling - DVFS) were introduced that save energy especially when the processor is in idle or low utilisation states.
Several techniques (e. g., charge interactions, layer-by-layer deposition, and self-assembly) have been employed to deposit the genes onto the substrates and have already achieved improved transduction performances compared to those of a solution-based delivery approach.
In a transformation-based approach, the scores are usually normalized to a common domain by one of several normalization techniques (e.g., z-normalization [38], F-normalization [39], and EER-normalization [40]) and the normalized scores are then combined.
Several different techniques (e.g., standard gamble, time trade-off, visual analogue scale, discrete choice models) are used to derive such values (variously called utilities, preferences, strength of preference, index, or weights).
The third module, concerned with the actual analysis of the data pertaining to the group projects, allowed the students to utilize their newly acquired knowledge of several statistical techniques (e.g., graphing methods, correlations, t tests, analysis of variance [ANOVA], and regression analysis) to test and interpret their hypotheses.
To determine binding specificity of PDZ-peptide interactions, several high-throughput techniques (e.g. protein microarray screening, phage display etc).
It is possible that at the end an optimum scaffold combining several materials and techniques (e.g., a complex polymer structure can be created by ice-templating or computer-assisted fabrication that can subsequently be mineralized to achieve the desired mechanical and biodegradation responses) will become reality.
Alternative single-molecule approaches use various labeling techniques (e.g. fluorescent labeling) for characterizing structural dynamics of biomolecules.
Several techniques exist for parameter estimation (e.g., [22]).
