Previous studies in several primary cell types have demonstrated that multiple genetic changes are required to enable anchorage-independent proliferation.
DPP4 consistently impaired insulin signaling at the level of protein kinase B (the so-called Akt) in several primary cell types like adipocytes, skeletal muscle, and VSMC [ 132].
In the case of HPV18, LCR has been found to be methylated in several primary cell carcinomas and also in immortal descendant cells from primary human foreskin keratinocytes transfected with the entire HPV18 genome.
Moreover, several studies have shown that the FXR ligand, CDCA, can induce differentiation, inhibit proliferation, and induce the apoptosis of several primary cell types including human fibroblast [ 21] and keratinocytes [ 20].
PMA ionomycin has been shown to induce high levels of viral production in several primary cell models of HIV latency (Spina et al., 2013) as well as in CD4 + T cells from virally suppressed individuals (Bullen et al., 2014, Laird et al., 2014).
Our survey of several primary endothelial cells including, HUVEC, HMVE and BAEC cells showed that c-Src is ubiquitously tyrosine phosphorylated in response to VEGF stimulation (Figure 1A) and associates with VEGFR-2 in a ligand-dependent manner in these primary endothelial cells (Figure 1C).
Furthermore, we compared several primary cancer cell cultures with correlating cell lines to rule out cell culturing effects on the membrane and to prove originality of PS exposure.
It was confirmed that several primary tumor cells derived from the liver, lung, pancreas (data not shown) and breast cancer tissues can form spheroids on NCP (Fig. 5a).
