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These are located at the end of a dynamic chain of kinases [16] and are able to phosphorylate several downstream targets.
Akt then signals to several downstream targets, including the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR).
Several downstream targets of FGFR3 are also mutated in UC, e.g., PIK3CA, AKT1, and RAS.
The tripartite NICD/CSL/MAM complex activates the transcription of several downstream targets, the best characterized being the Hes genes (Drosophila Hairy and Enhancer of Split homologues), which encode basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcriptional repressors (reviewed in [4]).
Our previous study showed that high glucose levels (15 mM) did not alter apoptosis in endothelial progenitor cells in vitro, but activated p38 MAP kinase and several downstream targets such as the transcription factor CREB.
Several downstream targets of OCT4 in human ES [3] as well as EC cell lines [14] and mouse ES cells [15] have been identified using ChIP-on-Chip techniques.
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Several downstream target genes of the AKT and p53 pathways were also upregulated in T1D subjects, relative to controls.
The master regulator p53 tumor-suppressor protein through coordination of several downstream target genes and upstream transcription factors controls many pathways important for tumor suppression.
Indeed, frameshift mutations in MSI-H tumours have been reported for several downstream target genes (Ionov et al, 1993; Thorstensen et al, 2001).
Runt-related transcription factor-2 also regulates several downstream target genes, such as extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors and receptors, mitochondrial proteins, and transcription factors (Gaikwad et al, 2001).
Indeed, a single activated upstream protein has the potential to activate several downstream target molecules (e.g., ref. [ 38]); therefore, higher levels of selective constraint might be expected at these genes.
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