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The phase II biotransformation involved several conjugation reactions (e.g., sulfonation, glucuronidation, acetylation, methylation and glutathione conjugation).
Several conjugation systems have been described in Gram-negative bacteria, all of them involving the formation of a sex pilus to bring the participants in close contact, followed by the actual transfer of genetic material via a type IV secretion system (T4SS) [ 8].
Although several conjugation methods exist and have been used for many applications, the use of these methods for in vitro/ in vivo biological studies and applications has been severely limited due to the special nature of the biological environment that limits the scope of reactions that may be employed.
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After several conjugations and counter-selection utilizing the sacB gene in the vector, several hundred gentamicin-resistant colonies were isolated and analyzed.
In order to investigate the further applicability of this conjugation method, several proteins including GST were tested under various conjugation conditions (including protein concentration, polymer ratio, and irradiation time).
Briefly, CYP450 converts naphthalene into naphthalene epoxide, which can undergo several reactions: conjugation to glutathione (GSH), transformation into naphthol or into dihydrodiol.
Attracting the attention of academia and industrial researchers, several polymer conjugation methodologies have been shown to have a wide range of applications and a success rate that have been confirmed by the numerous conjugates already in clinical use or under investigation in on-going clinical trials.
A method developed by Njumbe Ediage et al. [ 25] covers seven mycotoxins and several important conjugation and breakdown products (in total 18 analytes).
Conjugation of polysaccharides to proteins led to several pneumococcal conjugate vaccines licensed since 2000, enabling immunization of infants and young children and resultant herd protection for all ages.
This stage of the process involves several ubiquitin-like conjugation reactions.
We found that knockdown of FAS altered the expression of several E2 ubiquitin conjugation enzymes (2 up-regulated) and E3 ubiquitin ligases (4 down-regulated and 6 up-regulated) which function to target proteins for degradation by the proteosome [ 24].
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