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The dynamic nature of the human social landscape suggests ongoing specific alterations in neural circuitry across several brain systems to subserve social behavior.
Every step they take ReprintsOne thing that is known about the placebo effect is that it involves several brain systems, each under the control of a particular type of messenger molecule, called a neurotransmitter.
One may speculate that a brain region could be involved in several brain systems, and therefore, we hypothesized that such a region can be defined as an overlapped node shared by different communities in the human brain network.
Powerful tools are now available and several brain systems, such as the entorhinal hippocampal circuit, have been described in sufficient detail to enable a mechanistic analysis.
Just as reading involves several component processes that might serve as points of interaction with attention control, attentional control itself is achieved through the dynamic interaction of several brain systems (Dosenbach et al. 2008; Petersen and Posner 2012).
Lead exposure is of particular interest because it is an established neurotoxicant (Bressler et al. 1999) with known effects on several brain systems implicated in depression and anxiety, including monoaminergic signaling (Kala and Jadhav 1995; Lasley et al. 1984; Virgolini et al. 2005) and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis (Cory-Slechta et al. 2008; Virgolini et al. 2005).
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Otherwise, there is no consensus about the MoA origin, pathophysiology and long-term course, particularly in the pediatric population [52], even if also several brain neurotransmitter systems have been suggested to be involved in migraine, such as glutamate, noradrenaline and for neuromodulators and dopamine [53].
Failure of the Bmal1-/ mice to habituate within a single session could also be attributed to their inability to cope with the novelty-induced stress resulting from functional disruption of one or several brain modulatory systems [ 2], which might be the cause of hyperactivity in both locomotion and rearing in these mice.
Such a phenomenon has been recently observed in several functional brain systems (e.g. oculomotor and attention) in humans and monkey [15], [69].
Kalueff et al. [ 17] went even further, suggesting that vitamin D offers "neuroprotection, antiepileptic effects, immunomodulation, possible interplay with several brain neurotransmitter system and hormones, as well as regulation of behaviours".
We demonstrated that 90 brain regions were organized into 5 overlapping communities associated with several well-known brain systems, such as the auditory/language, visuospatial, emotion, decision-making, social, control of action, memory/learning, and visual systems.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com