Landslips obstructing flows of rivers and creating dangerous lakes that later burst out sweeping human settlements downstream is also another major concern in the region, authorities say.
The famous south Louisiana levee system turns out to be a good-news-bad-news joke: it protects New Orleans and other downstream settlements, but prevents the Mississippi River from depositing sediment in the delta and other wetlands.
It triggered numerous landslides over a broad area, some of which dammed rivers, posing severe threats to downstream settlements.
Some could block rivers, causing temporary lakes that could burst out and sweep away settlements and infrastructure downstream.
Predicting which lakes will burst and how much damage they might cause to downstream settlements is a challenge.
The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (M w 7.9) in China triggered numerous landslides over a broad area, some of which dammed rivers, posing severe threats to downstream settlements.
Such landslide-derived sediment pulses pose significant hazards to downstream settlements and infrastructure on alluvial fans, where they cause massive aggradation, increased flooding frequency, and large-scale channel avulsion.
The Middle Fire, as the burn was known, was cause for particular alarm, because a small settlement was a mile downstream.
During floods, the bedload transport of steep headwaters can exceed the hydraulic transport capacity of milder downstream reaches where settlements are often situated.
Although by midlife, second-generation Irish people enjoyed social circumstances at parity with the rest of the cohort, an inheritance of growing up in adversity as a result of parental migration and settlement experiences has continued to influence downstream health outcomes.
