STUDY SETTING: Chronic eye care patients within six health plans across the United States.
15 However, data for dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and associations with mortality in this clinical setting are sparse, although n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation may lower mortality and hospital admissions in other settings of chronic disease, 16 including earlier stages of chronic kidney disease.
In primary care settings, specifically, chronic renal impairment is often discovered and diagnosed, and patients commonly have risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) such as age > 65 years, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus [ 3– 5].
In recent studies, levels of inflammatory markers in HIV-infected persons have been associated with internal carotid intima-media thickness, a surrogate marker for cardiovascular disease [21], [22], consistent with a growing appreciation in other settings that chronic inflammation and its effects on coagulation may be important drivers of cardiovascular risk [11], [15], [16], [18], [19].
In settings with chronic health worker shortages, this limitation poses a temporary drain on resources.
However, this association and its correlates have not been addressed in rapidly urbanized settings where chronic disease prevention strategies constitute a top public health priority.
4, 5 At variance with other settings of chronic disease, costs of treatment in hemophilia are mainly related to direct costs of replacement clotting factor concentrates.
The benefits of integration of services that have been observed in the Tanzanian example have been demonstrated in other settings where chronic diseases clinics have been piloted (74).
15 The theorized role of illness perceptions in LBP has not yet been tested in patients receiving acupuncture but is supported by studies of LBP patients in other settings, including chronic pain clinics, 16 primary care, 17 and rehabilitation.
