Using SES, sequence heterochrony studies [i.e. 45], [60], [67] [68], [72] can be extended easily to include more clades, species, a broader range of specimens and characters (Figure 2 4, Table S1, S2).
T1 SE sequence, T2 fat-suppressed sequence or a STIR and.
Conventional strategies to optimize the image quality close to metal implants are a high bandwidth per voxel, 3D spatial encoding, a high-resolution matrix, and a multiecho spin-echo (SE) sequence or turbo/fast SE sequence [23].
The standard MRI protocol in arthritis [19] includes a T1 SE sequence, T2 fat-suppressed sequence or a STIR and T1 fat-suppressed sequence pre- and post-contrast.
The use of an SE sequence, reducing the echo time and increasing the acquisition matrix, may be helpful to minimise these susceptibility artefacts.
Therefore, with a practical minimum echo time (TE) of about 10 ms for a spin-echo (SE) sequence and of about 2 ms for a GRE sequence, conventional MR imaging lacks the ability to display signal near the osteochondral junction.
Images were acquired at fixed times after injection using a T2 weighted Turbo RARE SE sequence (TR = 4,000 ms, TE = 33 ms, FOV = 3 cm, Resolution = 0,12 mm, ST = 1 mm) and a T1 weighted FLASH sequence (TR = 840 ms, TE = 10,804 ms, FOV = 3 cm, Resolution + 0,12 mm, ST = 1 mm).
A T1-weighted SE sequence (TE/TR = 10/650 ms, 25 contiguous slices, thickness = 5 mm; FOV = 240 mm; matrix = 2562) was performed before and 5 minutes after injection of Gd-DOTA (Dotarem, Gerbet, 0.1 mM/kg).
After acquiring all the parameters except that of PE-EPI as in the above mentioned case, the integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB) was evaluated by a post-contrast T1-SE sequence following 25 minutes of Gd-DTPA administration.
Anatomical high resolution imaging was performed at the same position as the functional imaging slice with a T2-weighted spin-echo (SE) sequence (FOV = 25 mm, TE = 45 ms, TR = 2000 ms, acquisition matrix = 256×128, reconstruction matrix = 256×256, slice thickness = 0.5 mm, and eight averages).
This sequence is an inversion recovery (IR) sequence interleaved with a spin echo (SE) sequence.
