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Therefore, our study used frequency of utilization of such services as proxy representing a participant's threat-responsiveness [ 14, 15, 17].
We selected income ratio, education, and availability of basic services as proxy indicators of social and economic status of the residents.
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The group accused of the Mumbai attacks, Lashkar-e-Taiba, was essentially the creation of the Pakistani intelligence services, as a proxy to fight in Kashmir against India.
The OECD looked at the value of exports of business services as a proxy for offshoring in 1995-2002, and found that growth was greatest in India.
We conducted a similar analysis stratified by the availability of rehabilitation specialty services as a proxy index of service quality.
In practice, due to lack of data, most studies use health services as a proxy for health outcomes [ 10].
However, if this assumption does not hold, then using health services as a proxy for health outcomes is problematic [ 15].
Most of the empirical work presented previously in the article is concerned with describing implementation and utilization of services as a proxy for, or an expression of, trust.
Using services as a proxy of population health need has its shortfalls as longitudinal analysis suggests that different population cohorts not only develop different health problems and have different unmet needs, but they also demand different services.
Seasonal variation in the use of healthcare services (as a proxy for disease activity), as well as psoriasis and PPP treatments and the prevalence of concurrent diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia and hypertension are also examined.
We estimated the difference in the proportion of patients who used healthcare services, as a proxy for disease activity, between the hot and cold seasons and the difference in the standardised prevalence of comorbidities between severe and mild disease.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com