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The group accused of the Mumbai attacks, Lashkar-e-Taiba, was essentially the creation of the Pakistani intelligence services, as a proxy to fight in Kashmir against India.
The OECD looked at the value of exports of business services as a proxy for offshoring in 1995-2002, and found that growth was greatest in India.
In practice, due to lack of data, most studies use health services as a proxy for health outcomes [ 10].
We conducted a similar analysis stratified by the availability of rehabilitation specialty services as a proxy index of service quality.
However, if this assumption does not hold, then using health services as a proxy for health outcomes is problematic [ 15].
Most of the empirical work presented previously in the article is concerned with describing implementation and utilization of services as a proxy for, or an expression of, trust.
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We reviewed data on the reporting of selected health service coverage indicators as a proxy for improved health reporting, and documented implementation challenges and lessons learned during the DHIS2 roll-out process.
The service utilization method: Data on current service utilization serve as a proxy of satisfied demand.
(Although some people have been known to use a British-based server or service as a proxy to disguise their locations, this sort of thing likely violates the Terms of Use for BBC Online Services).
(Although some people have been known to use a British-based server or service as a proxy to disguise their locations, this sort of thing most likely violates the Terms of Use for BBC Online Services).
We use the total (travel, waiting and service) time required for receiving the preventive service as a proxy for accessibility of a healthcare facility, and assume that each client would seek the services of the facility with minimum expected total time.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com