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From 1945 the King Arthur class regularly deputised for Bulleid's new Pacifics, which were experiencing poor serviceability due to mechanical failures.
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Manufacturing plants that produce micro-electronic components, and facilities for extreme-precision experimental measurements have strict vertical vibration serviceability requirements due to sub-micron feature size or optical/target dimensions.
The limit-state checks conducted in a strength design are out of roundness for serviceability; bursting due to internal pressure, longitudinal force and bending; buckling/collapse due to pressure, longitudinal force and bending; a fracture of welds due to bending/tension; low-cycle fatigue due to shutdowns; ratcheting due to reeling and shutdowns; and accumulated plastic strain.
After 15 years of active research on the interaction between moving people and civil engineering structures, there is still a lack of reliable models and adequate design guidelines pertinent to vibration serviceability of footbridges due to multiple pedestrians.
The Near Surface Mounted (NSM) technique is a promising strengthening approach, though unpopular due to reliable serviceability prediction options.
Verification of the serviceability limit state of vibrations due to traffic live loads can be neglected in conventional types of concrete road bridges but becomes critical in the design of slender structures like under-deck cable-stayed bridges.
For that, a longer bar embedded length is required to resist flexural load, and it is not recommended for resisting shear load due to unpractically low serviceability.
Thus the best stiffener distribution along the deck can be achieved to solve the two most important factors during the launching of a steel bridge: the huge forces on the support section – higher than the serviceability limit state – and buckling instability due to the point loads on the bearings.
Numerous investigations have been carried out all over the world to study changes in microstructure and material property due to prolonged service of the components to decide their further serviceability.
In particular, it is stipulated that the net tensile stress of prestressing strands should be controlled under 250 MPa in the serviceability design of PSC members belonging to the Class C category section that is expected to be cracked due to flexure under service load conditions as defined in ACI318 code.
There is an increasing interest in the performance and serviceability of concrete crossties and elastic fastening systems due to the loading demands of increasing freight axle loads and the development of new high-speed passenger rail infrastructure in North America.
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