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This paper demonstrates that this is not a suitable threshold for small structures like ground-mounted arrays of photovoltaic panels because structures this small can experience both self-excitation and buffeting from upwind panels at frequencies well above this value during both serviceability and design wind events.
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Parametric studies were executed to evidence the influence of relevant parameters of the model on the serviceability and ultimate design conditions of R/FRC elements failing in bending.
The Pareto optimal fronts are calculated to illustrate the intrinsic tradeoffs between serviceability and safety of designs subject to all seismic magnitudes.
By conducting studies on a comprehensive set of possible scenarios, it is anticipated that better understanding of extreme events of long-span bridges from the perspectives of strength and serviceability design will be achieved, which may contribute to the future design specification about long-span bridges.
The problems considered are the ultimate and serviceability limit state design of shallow foundations and ultimate and serviceability limit state design of deep foundations.
(2) and (4) in the crack-controlled design for serviceability and reparability ensuring using the experiment.
Accordingly, as well as serviceability and safety, the performance-based design of buildings should consider reparability.
Restated, in addition to serviceability and safety, the performance-based design of buildings should incorporate reparability as a factor.
Illustrative examples are provided in the chapter to show the benefits of using direct analysis for evaluating the overall performance of structural systems in terms of serviceability and ultimate strength under accidental design situations such as fire.
Shear stresses in planes perpendicular to the grain, so-called rolling shear stresses, need to be considered in the ultimate and serviceability limit state design of many timber structural elements.
This evidence makes the present models useful tools for the analysis and design of energy piles under serviceability conditions.
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