Beyond this, economic analysis should be accompanied by an assessment of non-market ecosystem services of forest such as biodiversity, water, soil conservation and social and environmental impacts in order to develop and implement efficient, equitable and effective REDD+ with multiple benefits.
Sustainable forest management is a key to maintaining the economic, social, environmental and cultural benefits and services of forests for the long term.
In this exploratory study, a qualitative approach was adopted, using a literature review and interviews to identify the stakeholders with a stake in the provisioning, regulating and cultural ecosystem services of forests, to distinguish their characteristics, and to examine their relationships towards each other on different levels.
In the light of the increasing human population, however, conserving the remaining forests and their biodiversity, functions and services of forests is unlikely to be sufficient [ 7].
In Indonesia, a study found that residents of households living downstream from protected forested watersheds were less likely to experience diarrhea than those living downstream from unforested watersheds, demonstrating the regulating services of forests in improving quality of drinking water.
To meet the increasing demands for ecosystem services provided by forests - in particular the many provisioning services of forests as many people heavily rely on forests for livelihoods and products such as timber, medicines, thatch, fiber and meat [ 1] - large-scale (passive or active) forest restoration is probably the only solution that will be effective in the long term [ 28- 30].
Understanding that biodiversity, ecosystem services and other services of forests to society (and the related REDD opportunity costs) are not distributed evenly across the forests of the world, we propose a mechanism design for REDD implementation which allows to maximize carbon and ecosystem co-benefit provision without excluding REDD credit providers.
However, the findings raise concerns about the potential short- and long-term impacts of ongoing deforestation and ecosystem degradation on community health in Malawi, and they suggest that preventing forest loss and maintaining the ecosystem services of forests are important factors in improving human health and nutrition outcomes.
Timber production is the main ecosystem service of planted forests and the main management objective for these plantations (Gao et al. 2016).
This proportion was higher for respondents who are exposed to chestnut culture within the family, and who value cultural services above other ecosystem services (ES) of forests.
