Small Au NPs (purple) are clustered via acid-cleavable linkers and further tethered with polyethylene glycol (PEG; blue) to prevent serum-mediated aggregation.
The PEGylated complexes were stable in serum without significant aggregation or decomplexation of siRNA for up to 48 h.
Usually, proteins present in biological media play the role of stabilizing agent by forming a protective protein corona on the surface of the NPs as soon as they come into contact with serum, thus preventing aggregation.
Due to nanoparticle aggregation in serum-containing medium, serum-free medium was used during 4-h exposure.
However, highly charged particles have been demonstrated to cause significant toxicity and aggregation with serum proteins which can hinder efficacy in vivo.
The resulting NPs were notably homogenous in size, resistant to aggregation in serum, and invulnerable to heparan sulfate-mediated disassembly, compared to siRNA/PAMAM dendriplexes.
The (siRNA/PAMAM -PK NPsiRNA/PAMAM -PK for the PK shell to shield siRNPsfrom nucleases, minimize detrimental aggregation in serum, and facilitate cytosolic release of siRNA from endosomal compartments.
Ferulic acid, a characteristic aromatic acid in both DG and CH, has been reported that it could significantly improve blood fluidity, inhibit platelet aggregation, decrease serum lipids, prevent thrombus formation, protect neuron like PC12 cells, and exhibit strong antioxidant activity [13 18].
To avoid antibody aggregation, the serum samples were sonicated under cold conditions before being transferred into the recipient mice [13].
SLE serum induces increased neutrophil aggregation and interferes with phagocytosis and lysosomal enzyme release by control neutrophils [ 53].
