The second pulse (or series of pulses), the diversification within the largely freshwater ostariophysans, occurred about 100 My after the FSGD and coincides with the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana during the Cretaceous.
Although many percomorph stem lineages also appear at this time, both the fossil record [ 8] and this molecular study suggest that the third pulse (or series of pulses) of teleost diversification occurred mostly in the Paleogene (65 to 23 Ma).
Regardless of cause, this close affinity between KPI and type II VGPC genes makes predicting the function of our candidate sequences difficult: based on the tree, it is impossible to determine whether the diversification represents a series of candidate type II toxins or a diversification of KPI genes or a combination of the two.
Regardless of the origin of the ancestral RAMP genes, it has undergone a series of additional duplications and rapid diversification that yielded the stand-alone Cascade complex.
This is especially true for the protein Nop1 (supplementary data S10, Supplementary Material online): originating from archaeal fibrillarin and undergoing a series of gene duplications during the diversification of eukaryotes.
Nevertheless the most parsimonious explanation for the scattering of HRV-Cc and HRV-Ca variants in the VP4/VP2 tree is a series of recombination events early in the diversification of the ancestor of HRV-C into the current large number of types that now exist.
The best-studied homology series in animals are the body segments, which initially arise as a series of identical subdivisions and then undergo diversification to give rise to segment-specific structures, such as segments with or without legs in the arthropods or vertebrae with or without ribs in vertebrates.
Here, we integrated the phylogenetic, molecular dating and biogeographic methods to investigate the spatial-temporal patterns of Oryza diversification, and used a series of model tests to examine whether intercontinental migrations and/or key innovations were associated with significant changes in diversification rates in the genus.
However, despite publishing, year after year, a whole series of promises to spend those recovered revenues on programming, Channel 4 in 1998 instead embarked on a strategy of diversification.
From an ectodermal layer adjacent to the hindbrain, the otic placode, a spheroid organ is generated by invagination/cavitation followed by a series of developmental processes such as patterning, cell diversification and morphogenesis.
