Three main categories of sequestration options were evaluated: (1) Conservation and Improvement of Existing Forests; (2) Afforestation, (3) Wood Products Use and Management.
This would also increase the uncertainties regarding supply chain emissions and sequestration options due to stronger climate change impacts and climate intensity.
This chapter set forth a process and model for selecting among these CO2 sequestration options to establish the most economic choice for a particular power or industrial plant.
For UCG-CCS utilizing conventional sequestration options, there could exist common interests in site characterization and monitoring between UCG and CCS projects, where work performed during the design and implementation of one project could be used within the other.
However, numerous such geologic sequestration options may exist in any given region, each with specific storage capacities, development costs, transportation distances, product specifications, permitting requirements, and, in some cases, revenue generating opportunities.
They are the cheapest large-scale carbon-sequestration option available: they actually consume the stuff.
Compared to a "traditional" coal-and-gas-to-liquids process, the results show that in some configurations CO2 emitted by the process can be reduced by over 99% with the use of nuclear heat by using the optional carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) option.
Carbon capture technology is water-, energy-, and capital-intensive and proposed geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) storage options, if conducted in pressure-constrained formations, may generate large volumes of extracted brine that require costly disposal.
Mineral carbon sequestration is a lengthy option as compared with that of other sequestration routes, but its fundamental advantages justify the necessity for further research.
