Another strategy involves the sequestration of nutrients important for microbial growth.
Furthermore, it remains unclear whether the colonization by commensal species affects a host cell's response to pathogenic species beyond the direct physical saturation of surface receptors, the sequestration of nutrients, the modulation of the physico-chemical environment in the oral cavity, or the production of bacteriocins.
The benefit of Trichoderma spp. in improving plant growth can be realised through several mechanisms which include mycoparasitism, antibiosis, degradation of toxins, inactivation of pathogenic enzymatic pathways, resistance to pathogens, enhanced nutrient uptake, solubilization, sequestration of inorganic nutrients, and enhanced root hair development (Harman, [2006]; Lorito et al., [2010]).
This suggests that nutritional immunity [ 56, 63, 64], the sequestration of host nutrients from pathogens may have a role in defence against salmon lice.
This hypothesis was strengthened when TORC1, in response to nitrogen and carbon cues, was found to promote the sequestration of several nutrient-responsive transcription factors in the cytoplasm (Beck and Hall 1999).
Additionally, because alfalfa is a perennial crop, it provides numerous agro-ecological advantages including reduced soil erosion, improved soil carbon sequestration, and increased capture of nutrients from annual cropping fields to protect surface and ground water resources.
Islands have been shown to play an important role in the landscape through the creation of habitat diversity, focusing of nutrients, and sequestration of salts.
(Interestingly, in soil it seems that sequestration, rather than complete exhaustion, of nutrients is the more significant phenomenon).
Receptors can also include ecologic processes such as the sequestration of carbon by oceans or forests or the cycling of nutrients.
The insolubility of ferric iron in aerobic environments, however, limits accessibility to this nutrient, and the sequestration of iron by host proteins from potential pathogens creates a substantial barrier to infection.
In contrast to the bulk autophagy, which ensures the more or less random sequestration of cytosol, selective autophagy operates under nutrient-rich conditions as well and is characterized by the presence of specialized autophagosomes.
