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The autophagosome resulting from the closure of this membrane then fuses with endosomes and lysosomes to form an autophagolysosome, inside which the sequestered material is submitted to an acidic pH and to the activity of various hydrolytic enzymes.
These are fused with lysosomes, which subsequently degrade the sequestered material.
Macroautophagy, herein referred to as autophagy, is responsible for the removal of aberrant cytosolic contents by double-membraned vesicles, called autophagosomes, which deliver the sequestered material to lysosomes for degradation.
The regulation of autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved and highly complex process, consisting of several basic phases, including 1) initiation; 2) nucleation; 3) maturation; and 4) merging with lysosomes, resulting in the degradation of sequestered material.
However, much less attention has been paid to later steps in the autophagic process, when autophagosomes deliver their content to acidic compartments for degradation, which are nonetheless the final destiny of the sequestered material.
Following maturation, autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes to digest the sequestered material [11].
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Failure to degrade and recycle sequestered materials in lysosomal disease may also lead to deficiency states in which precursors for metabolic pathways in the cell are diminished, followed by altered synthetic pathways and an increased metabolic demand on affected cells.
The sequestered materials range from dense osmiophilic undigested material to partially digested electron-lucent material.
During autophagy, part of the cytoplasm containing sequestered materials is bounded by a double membrane to form an autophagolysosome, which further fuses with lysosome for degradation.
The outer membrane of the mature autophagosome then fuses with the lysosome to form an autolysosome, in which the sequestered cytoplasmic material is degraded.
Subsequent fusion with lysosomes forms autolysosomes, which enables the materials sequestered therein to be digested by lysosomal hydrolases.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com