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Dictionary
sequencing
noun
The procedure of determining the order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain of a protein (protein sequencing) or of nucleotides in a DNA section comprising a gene (gene sequencing)
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When the human genome project started, sceptics argued it would take centuries to scan an entire human genome using prevailing technologies; in fact, thanks to exponential advances in sequencing technology, it was done in less than 15 years.But what if the biggest breakthroughs come in improving man himself?
It replaced confusing radioactive labels with laser-activated fluorescent dyes, making sequencing faster and much more precise.Back in 1985, however, when Dr Hood participated in the first meeting to discuss the possibility of sequencing the human genome, biology was still very much a manual science.
Dr Church holds up a fingernail-sized chip containing 128,000 nanopores that he reckons will bring the cost of sequencing down to $100.
The consortium that created it 442 members in 32 institutes around the world—has used the increasingly impressive tools available for sequencing genomes to mount a systematic analysis of 147 different types of human cell, attempting to say just what each part of the genome is doing in them.
By comparison, sequencing the human genome, which differs only slightly between individuals, was a doddle.
Those scientists responded by denigrating Dr Venter's work even while they copied his techniques.The rivalry got the job done in double-quick time and stimulated better and better ways of sequencing genomes to the point where a bacterium can now be knocked off in a day or so.
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Dr Church's Personal Genome Project (PGP) proposes to collect samples and medical data from 100,000 people and use the newly emerging mass-sequencing techniques to record the entire genomes of each of them.
And, by a lucky co-incidence, the bosses of PerkinElmer, the firm that made the DNA-sequencing machines used by Dr Venter and most other workers in the field, were having similar ideas.The resulting collaboration was called Celera Genomics, and its goal was to produce a privately financed version of the human genome's sequence.
In a decade that frontier could go as far beyond ENCODE as ENCODE has surpassed the original genome-sequencing efforts.
Once called the Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), but now based in Shenzhen and Hong Kong, the BGI is poised to become the biggest DNA-sequencing laboratory in the world.
JUST as computers used to occupy entire rooms, and were able to make only a few thousand computations a second, so the first DNA-sequencing machines were able to read only about 5,000 genetic "letters" a day.
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