Preference and institutional learning have been found to play a role as respondents move through a sequence of choice tasks in Choice Experiments CEExperiments CE
The users who support the same party are likely to create similar sequences of choices to policy statements (answer patterns), since they commonly share the same political opinions.
Given that the order of policy statements is kept fixed within each VAA one can assume that (a) answer patterns, i.e., sequences of choices for all policy statements included in the VAA, can be found that characterise 'typical' voters of particular parties, and (b) the answer choice in each policy statement can be 'predicted' from previous answer choices.
Given that the order of policy statements is kept fixed within each VAA one can assume that (a) answer patterns (sequences of choices for all policy statements included in the VAA) can be found that characterise 'typical' voters of particular parties, and (b) the answer choice in each policy statement can be 'predicted' from previous answer choices.
For each pair of stimuli A and B, the model estimates the expected values of choosing A, (QA) and choosing B (QB), on the basis of individual sequences of choices and outcomes.
The task is a form of conditional discrimination learning that requires monkeys to learn to execute sequences of choices from two arbitrarily defined categories of objects, each associated with a different behavioral strategy.
We estimated the free parameters of this model for each individual participant, and also their group-level distributions, by fitting them to the observed sequences of choices and rewards (using Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling over a hierarchical Bayesian model).
It is important to note that the monkeys underwent extensive preoperative training in order to master the strategy implementation task, so they were expert in executing the sequences of choices required to earn rewards efficiently and familiar with the reward schedules associated with the different choice stimuli.
Of course, many different systems are likely to be involved in learning, only some of which depend directly on dopamine (Beninger, 1983; Dickinson et al., 2000; Daw et al., 2005; Palmiter, 2008), and we cannot discount the possibility that a more complex learning task, such as one involving sequences of choices, might be necessary to fully reveal effects of dopamine on learning.
