Moreover, stop codon bias and context also correlates with the efficiency of translation [ 23], so the preferred sequence of translation termination in E. coli, 'TAAT' was used.
Standard stop codons are also not encoded in the mtDNA of other dinoflagellates for cob, cox1, or cox3, and so we examined the 3′ ends of genomic and cDNA Hematodinium sp. sequences for evidence of termination signals.
In order to tackle this question about the mechanisms of sequence termination, we investigate the effect of skewness (or asymmetry) in the pattern size distribution, i.e., an imbalance between bigger and smaller than average patterns.
The transgenic state of ten independent plants (four with the DefH9-RI-iaaM gene containing the termination sequence of the nos gene, and six with the termination sequence of the rolC gene) was analysed by Southern blot analysis (Fig. 2b).
Fig. 8 Mechanisms of sequence termination.
Since different chain-terminating nucleotides are used in the four sequencing reactions, all combinations of termination can be produced.
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use conserved release factors to recognise stop codons and ensure the prompt release of ribosomes [ 4, 5], and the occurrence of termination sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is negatively correlated with readthrough [ 6].
A total of 44 tomato UC82 plants transgenic for the DefH9-RI-iaaM gene were raised by using two versions of the gene (DefH9-RI-iaaM C and DefH9-RI-iaaM S) identical except for the termination sequences (i.e. 32 plants with termination sequences of the rolC gene and 12 plants with the termination sequence of the nos gene).
Other genomic data support this interpretation, including a candidate ATG start codon, high human, rodent and chicken sequence conservation, and the absence of termination codons (Figure 2A, Figure S2).
