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In guinea pigs, a pharmacologically validated behavioral model of acute separation stress has been described.
It proposes a power-law relationship between the two critical failure parameters, surface separation energy and peak separation stress, which are spatial variants in graded solids.
The constitutive response of the metallic plates is modeled by J2 flow theory, and the behavior of the adhesive layer is represented with a cohesive zone model characterized by a maximum separation stress and the fracture energy.
Product-wise, I've pulled out my trusty Snuggle Puppy, a product I generally suggest to new puppy and kitten owners transitioning their pets to their new home -- it's a stuffed animal with a heating pad and heart-beat ticker that feels like Mom, even if it doesn't smell like her! Recently, I've found it soothes anxiety too -- from separation stress to thunder phobias.
There was, however, a transient increase in anhedonia scores immediately following irradiation prior to the initiation of separation stress.
Exposing NHPs to repeated separation stress resulted in depression-like behaviors (anhedonia and subordinance) accompanied by reduced hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Some friendly number of years later, Les Girls, now grown up, are unconsciously feeling the separation-stress.
Pen-2 subjects were exposed to 15 weeks of separation-stress with half receiving fluoxetine and half receiving placebo.
Affiliation scores (reflecting enhanced between-subject contact) were increased in stressed animals, irrespective of whether they were treated (Stress-Drug) or not (Stress-Placebo) compared to non-stressed controls (Control-Drug and Control-Placebo) (F4,65 = 4.1, p = 0.023) (Fig. 1C) throughout the 15-weeks of repeated separation-stress, with the greatest increases noted on days of reunion.
Using Wistar rats, an increase in corticotropin-releasing factor-positive cells was found in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus after an acute swim-stress of maternally separated females, but not males, suggesting that maternal separation increased stress responsivity in females only [ 29].
Depending on the duration of the separation, both stress-susceptible and stress-resilient phenotypes can be observed.
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