Because after separating echo into IMF, we will choose some IMFs to reconstruct the vital signal we need.
Next, they need to find an algorithm which is able to separate echoes with different power.
It can usually be achieved either by the States method, 10 that is, acquiring a pair of free induction decays (FID) with and without a relative 90° phase shift between the excitation and mixing blocks, or by acquiring separate echo and anti-echo FIDs (N/P-selection), 11 with subsequent linear combination.
However, in many subjects we observed multiple echo-rich layers (containing mainly dense connective tissue) separated by echo-poor layers (containing mainly fat) from dermis to muscle, with no clear distinction between superficial and deep fascia.
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It is to be noted that in this case, there is no scope of obtaining a separate echo-free reference or a separate noise-only reference, which makes the single-channel AENC problem extremely difficult to handle.
As an alternate of such hardware-based solutions, adaptive filter algorithms are widely being applied where apart from the input channel, a separate echo-free reference channel is required [3 13].
Signal-processing techniques have been developed to separate echoes generated by microbubbles from those generated by tissue.
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The geometry parameters of the 3D gradient echo sequence matched those of the morphological imaging sequence; six TEs between 4.6 and 8.3 ms were used, the TEs used are specific to acquiring asymmetric echoes that are separated by 2π/3 with the middle echo at π/2+ π *k, k = 1,2; 5° FA; 3 echo train length; with 44 slices 5 mm thick in one 3D slab.
But [4] shows that PCI algorithm can separate several similar echoes (which means echoes with slight time shift or/and Doppler shift) differing in powers.
