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Concrescence is the fusion of two separate teeth only in their cementum.
Ostraciidae have long been problematic because ostraciids exhibit mosaic morphologies (lacking pelvic fin elements and spinous dorsal fins, like tetraodontoids, but having separate teeth, like balistoids and triacanthoids).
Scleroderms were considered to be primitive tetraodontiforms, usually having a set of primitive characters such as pelvic fin elements, separate teeth, and spinous dorsal fins.
Members of the Triacanthidae have primitive morphological characters including paired pelvic fin spines, spinous dorsal fins, and separate teeth, and are often treated as basal members together with the Triacanthodidae [ 1, 4, 6, 18, 19, 34, 47, 48].
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Significantly, in more posterior regions, there was no clear demarcation of any oral epithelium between two separate tooth germs, just a mass of poorly organized odontogenic epithelium.
Fusion: the union of two normally separated tooth buds with the resultant formation of a joined tooth with confluence of dentine [ 27 ].
In two cases (Table 1), we roughly separated tooth crowns from the roots and measured them as independent samples, but we made no attempt to separate cementum, dentine, and enamel because of the need to obtain at least 20 g of each material to reach the detection limit of the measurement.
Separate your teeth slightly, and press the sides of your tongue against your upper back molars (the teeth in the back top of your mouth).
We seek a cutting plane to roughly separate the teeth parts from the gingiva region to accelerate following harmonic field computation.
A closed-mouth position necessitates manual segmentation to separate the teeth from each other, which was a tedious, time-consuming, and user-dependent procedure that resulted in unsatisfactory results.
A robust, computer-aided, automatic identification method [ 27] is used in our framework to identify them, as demonstrated by white spheres and a blue plane in Figure 2. The inspection spoke-based strategy [ 20] is then employed to automatically separate these teeth feature points into different groups.
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