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Using a Mendelian randomization approach that takes advantage of the properties of genetic variation and follows similar logic (such that mutations in NCP1L1 act as genocopies mimicking the action of ezetimibe), Stitziel et al. [ 6] attempt to separate causation from association, providing validation of NCP1L1 as a therapeutic target.
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Before optogenetics, neuroscientists were faced with the intractable nightmare of separating causation from correlation, knowing (sometimes) which neurons were associated with a given process without knowing which ones actually performed a given computation.
But the difficulty of separating the causation of events from the background "noise" of the variability in the earth's climate systems has until now made such attribution an elusive goal.
To separate correlation from causation, eBay ran a large experiment in which it randomly advertised to some people and not others.
It is likely too early to separate correlation from causation.
In these two examples, as well as in the examples on other anthropogenic Allee effect activities [2], it is difficult to separate correlation from causation.
In contrast to magic which does not separate reflection and objective causation, mimesis in art is consciously taken as a reflection and evokes the aesthetic effect in its audience specifically in virtue of this feature (GW 11: 382).
We do not think either of the camps, both consisting of highly respected evolutionary thinkers, are making a schoolboy error; rather, they are separated by different models of causation.
The chapter avoids the interminable discussion of qualitative cognitive models and of the psychological causation of errors and the role of separate or multiple barriers or defences against error.
In thinking through the evidence, Hill's criteria for causation propose are a powerful guide to separating out factors that lead to problems, from those that do not.
Many observational studies on the overall diet inflammation association have been based on cross-sectional data that cannot separate the impact of diet on inflammation from possible reverse causation effects (ie, the impact of chronic inflammation on dietary habits).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com