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The WER increases by 1.1% absolute to 33.2% and is statistically significant with using the Matched pair sentence segment word error (MAPSSWE) test [33].
Three significance tests were applied, including the matched pair (MP) sentence segment (word error) test, the signed paired (SI) comparison test (speaker word accuracy rate), and the Wilcoxon (WI) signed rank test (speaker word accuracy rate).
For example, in the sentence segment below, our method extracted the triple (Japan, is-a, East Asia) instead of (Japan, is-a, countries of East Asia), by choosing the smaller noun phrase fitting the pattern.
For example, the pattern NP IS THE EXP OF NP extracts the relation (X, is the king of, France) in the following sentence segment: the above can be expressed in a more strict logical form (where K X) means 'X is the king of Francethe above can be expressed in a more strict logical form (where K X) means 'X is the king of France.
Similar(56)
The C++ tools are based on the MedPost tools: sentence segmenting, tokenizing and part-of-speech tagging (5).
Figure 1 also represents the detailed annotation flow of the Java preprocessing pipeline, which includes text tokenization, sentence segmenting, POS tagging, lemmatization and sentence parsing.
Most of the Java tools are based on the Stanford tools: sentence segmenting, tokenizing, part-of-speech tagging, dependency parsing and syntactic parsing (6).
The first steps in any text mining task usually involve basic steps such as sentence segmenting, tokenization, lemmatization and part-of-speech tagging.
The first pass of NLP processing typically consists of a few common steps: sentence segmenting, tokenizing, part-of-speech identification, etc. NLP preprocessing pipelines were created in both C++ and Java.
Both point to a brain working busily to plan the sentence ahead, segment by segment, like railroad workers laying track.
Tokenization is performed by the default rule-based tokenizer of the sentence segmenter, PTBTokenizer, before the segmenting process to divide text into a sequence of tokens.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com