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The second sentence presupposes that at present or at some recent time it is or was essential to master a language in order to do business in Asia, to treat patients in Africa, or to resolve the situation in the Middle East.
If we embed (6a), e.g., under a modal or in the antecedent of a conditional, it turns out that this sentence presupposes that someone other than Betty was kissed by Fred.
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This idea won't work properly if the truth-values of some contingent sentences are presupposed.
Such a person presupposes that sentences in human language (or at least sentences in the language of human thought) can express some theological truths, even if other such truths are beyond us.
The sentence as a whole also presupposes that the attitude holder, the speaker in this case, believes that there is a unique person whose name is Zhangsan and there is a difficult problem to be solved.
We also presupposed that the sentence was jointly authored, for otherwise "we" would not have referred.
This indicates that in this case the presupposition is rather a pragmatic phenomenon; it is the speaker or speech act rather than the sentence or the proposition expressed that presupposes something.
We obtain the following truth tables for the main binary connectives: Let's ignore all presuppositions triggers in (11) save "the knave", and show that Strong Kleene predicts that the sentence as a whole does not presuppose that there is a knave.
Can the meaning of the sentence ¬φ be well understood without presupposing the genuinely second-order idea of all strategies of a given player?[74] Rather than being nominalistic, Hintikka's position appears to be a variant of universalia in rebus.
Thus, '∃x Elephant(x)' is committed to ("presupposes") elephants because the open sentence 'Elephant(x)' applies to all and only elephants, and there are some.
Because the nature of our reason presupposes space and time.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com