Here this concept was further advanced through optimization of the ratio between Au-nanorods and CHC nanocarriers to create a nanotechnology-based sensor (termed CHC-AuNR nanoprobe) with an outstanding lower detection limit (LDL) for HSA.
In this study, we present a new cAMP sensor, termed TEpacVV, which employs mTurquoise as donor.
Another sensor, termed "cygnet-1" [ 106], was constructed to have high selectivity for cGMP over cAMP.
A Ca2+ sensor termed GAP1, based on a GFP aequorin fusion protein, has also been reported to exhibit an excitation ratiometric response to changes in the concentrations of Ca2+ within ER and mitochondria [ 21].
Averaging the auto-sensor terms over all virtual sensors, we obtain D ̄ yy t, f = 1 N t N r ∑ i = 1 N t N r D y i y i t, f = D ̄ w w t, f + 1 N t N r ∑ i = 1 N t N r D w i z i t, f + 1 N t N r ∑ i = 1 N t N r D z i w i t, f + 1 N t N r ∑ i = 1 N t N r D z i z i t, f. (19).
To avoid confusion, we use the terminology auto-sensor term and cross-sensor term to emphasize how to distinguish them from auto-target term and cross-target term.
The auto-sensor term TFD of the above signal, which is the i th diagonal element of D yy, is expressed as D y i y i t, f = D w i w i t, f + D w i z i t, f + D z i w i t, f + D z i z i t, f. (18).
Cells react to ER stress by activating a series of sensors termed the unfolded protein response (UPR), which leads to a temporary inhibition of protein synthesis and an increase in synthesis of ER chaperone proteins which promote protein folding, secretion and degradation to reduce the unfolded protein load in the ER [7].
PAMPs are recognized by innate sensors termed pattern recognition receptors (for example, NOD-like receptors (NLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs)).
We recently described a series of genetically encoded, single-fluorophore-based sensors, termed AmTrac and MepTrac, which monitor membrane transporter activity in vivo (De Michele et al., 2013).
Finally, molecular sensors analogous to Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensors, termed bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET -sensors (Shaw and Ehrhardt, 2013), may allow metaBRET -sensorsng dynamically through the root Shawem.
