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The currently available animal-free methods for the detection of skin sensitizing potential of chemicals seem promising.
Indeed, the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development OECDD) recently recommended the use of the Nrf2-based KeratinoSens™ assay for testing the skin sensitizing potential of chemicals [ 45], emphasizing that the value of monitoring Nrf2 activity for the detection of chemical stress is already being realized in certain settings.
The further testing warranted should in particular be focused on the prediction of the sensitizing potential of the novel protein, for which animal models are considered to be needed.
As prediction of the sensitizing potential of the novel introduced protein based on animal testing was considered to be very important, animal models were introduced as one of the new test items, despite the fact that non of the currently studied models has been widely accepted and validated yet.
As expected, menthol presented values >200% RFI for CD54 activation marker, indicating the sensitizing potential of menthol.
It has been proposed that the intrinsic sensitizing potential of a novel protein can be assessed by measuring the specific IgE antibody and Th2 cytokine productions after administration without adjuvant.
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Although the test yields quantitative results, the magnitude of IgE response does not necessarily serve as a quantitative estimate of sensitizing potential (Boverhof et al., 2008; Briatico-Vangosa et al., 1994; Isola et al., 2008; Kimber et al., 2007; UN, 2007a).
In mice, Butala et al. (2004) used topical administration of diphthalates [DEHP (25%, 50%, and 100%), DiNP, BBzP, and di-isohexyl phthalate (100%)], without coallergen, to investigate their effects on levels of serum IgE and lymph node cytokines (Il-4 and Il-13), as an indication of their respiratory sensitizing potential.
In addition, its oxidation products can have higher sensitizing potentials.
Reminding that the PL measurements were done under non-resonant excitation, this behavior underlines the strong coupling between Si-np and Nd3+ ions, and, accordingly, the potential of sensitizing of Si-np.
No irritant, sensitizing, phototoxic or photoallergic potential of 3 μg g−1 calcitriol ointment could be detected in animal and human phase I studies.
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