The currently available animal-free methods for the detection of skin sensitizing potential of chemicals seem promising.
It has been observed in several studies that different Cr III) and Cr VI) compounds have different skin diffusion properties, skin solubility, and sensitizing potential, characteristics that depend on many factors such as charge, size, and speciation (4, 33– 33).
In mice, Butala et al. (2004) used topical administration of diphthalates [DEHP (25%, 50%, and 100%), DiNP, BBzP, and di-isohexyl phthalate (100%)], without coallergen, to investigate their effects on levels of serum IgE and lymph node cytokines (Il-4 and Il-13), as an indication of their respiratory sensitizing potential.
Although the test yields quantitative results, the magnitude of IgE response does not necessarily serve as a quantitative estimate of sensitizing potential (Boverhof et al., 2008; Briatico-Vangosa et al., 1994; Isola et al., 2008; Kimber et al., 2007; UN, 2007a).
Indeed, the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development OECDD) recently recommended the use of the Nrf2-based KeratinoSens™ assay for testing the skin sensitizing potential of chemicals [ 45], emphasizing that the value of monitoring Nrf2 activity for the detection of chemical stress is already being realized in certain settings.
It was reported that MMA can cause "severe" skin and respiratory irritation, and it has mild dermal sensitizing potential in animal studies (ECETOC, 1995; EU, 2002; IPCS, 1998).
In addition, its oxidation products can have higher sensitizing potentials.
Potential sensitizing events.
In situations for which potential sensitizing events present themselves pregnant women were often discharged without having their RhD status tested.
Outside of routine provision, RhD negative pregnant women can receive anti-D immunoglobulin during pregnancy when potential sensitizing events occur.
This review found that the provision of anti-D immunoglobulin was low in situations for which potential sensitizing events occur.
