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First, it exploits the fact that sensitivity to distortions in low spatial frequencies is larger than to distortions in high spatial frequencies.
It takes into account human's ability to adapt to a structural similarity at different scales and HVS sensitivity to distortions of luminance and contrast.
A first one is the recently proposed metric PSNR human visual system masking (PSNR-HVS-M) [39] (available at [40] and defined as PSNR-HVS-M = 10 log 10(2552/MSEoutHVS), where MSEoutHVS is a specific MSE determined in DCT domain that takes into account such peculiarities of human vision system as different sensitivity to distortions in different spatial frequencies and masking effects).
Explicit NEM allows achieving accurate results for high distortions and complex contact conditions although constraints on time step still are a major drawback and comparable to those known in finite elements to keep stability and accuracy despite the less NEM sensitivity to mesh distortion.
Rsp repeat copy number is highly polymorphic within D. melanogaster [ 65] —this polymorphism is directly related to SD, as large blocks of satellite confer sensitivity to segregation distortion [ 8, 9].
As expected, large blocks of canonical Rsp repeats defined as the sequences similar to those correlated with the sensitivity to segregation distortion in Wu et al. [ 9] occur on chromosome 2R (these repeats in versions of the D. melanogaster genome prior to v6.01 were found in ArmU and ArmU extra scaffolds).
132 BCDI with the nature of extreme sensitivity to lattice distortion (strain), high spatial resolution, and the possibility of measuring embedded devices 'in operando', has clear advantages compared with aforementioned techniques in characterizing strain distribution in micro- and nanostructured semiconductor devices.
However, one of its drawbacks is its sensitivity to nonlinear distortions due to its greatly variable envelope and high peak-to-mean envelope power ratio values [5 7].
The NIPEs are locking-free elements, exhibit little sensitivity to geometric distortions and can be readily implemented into existing finite element codes.
Furthermore, pulse-shaped OFDM is able to support asynchronous transmissions and reduce the signal sensitivity to Doppler distortions, rendering it beneficial for various applications from the context of vehicular communications and the Internet-of-things.
The main drawback of quantization-based schemes is their sensitivity to valumetric distortions; these attacks vary the amplitude of the watermarked signal so that, even if they do not usually reduce the perceived quality of the media, the produced mismatch between encoder and decoder lattice volumes severely increases the bit-error rate (BER).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com